Some thoughts regarding Charles Bricet, twice Usher/Herald of the Estates, Champagne herald in between

At the funeral ceremony of Anne de Bretagne, it was Pierre Choque who was styled Roy d'armes des Bretons [Officers of arms who attended the funeral ceremony of Anne of Bretagne, Jan. - Feb. 1514]. After some 46 years, in 1560, Charles Bricet, herald of the Estates was called herault de cedit pais (i.e., Bretagne). This Charles Bricet was in around 1534 the usher and/or herald of the Estates [Chronology, Nos.10 & 11], after that he seemed to have entered royal service, and in around 1538 he was styled Champagne herald [Chronology, No.15]. My questions are, primarily about the career of Charles Bricet. His (supposed) life chronology (c. 1534-60) overlapps with the period that the Duchy of Brittany was annexed to the Kingdom of France. This caused the apparent transition of the idea, or the status, of Herald of Brittany in the sense of Herald of the Country (pays): it had been once borne by the ducal and royal Herald of Brittany, and was, in my understanding, transferred to the Herald of the Estates. We can suppose, this was achieved by Bricet's transition, from a royal herald to a communal herald. This transition, however I could not verify in the following discussion. What I give here will be more an observation than a discussion.
Besides Charles Bricet along with his office, who is of my chief concern, I shall discuss about a few topics on French heralds in the early-mid sixteenth century which are categorized as sub-topics as shown below.

Questions

a. How exactly was Charles Bricet's career? At first glance, it seems very simple, he (1) served the Estates, as a herald or usher. (2) Then he entered royal service as Champagne herald. (3) Finally he came back to Brittany to again serve the Estates as its herald. Evidences show, however, in between 2. and 3., there was certainly more to say.
b. How the status of Herald of the Country of Brittany transferred from the ducal/royal Herald of Brittany to the Herald of the Estates? Or, was there really such a transfer?

Sub-topics

1. Connection between royal/ducal herald of Bretagne and Brittany - office survived losing its connection with the country.
2. ‘Shift’ instances.
3. Specialization of French heralds' role in the early-mid sixteenth century?
4. Pierre Le Caron, first Bretagne and then Champagne.
5. Champagne's connection with Brittany?
6. Bricets elsewhere.
Here these sub-topics are, either to support the main discussion, or by-product I got during my search for the records and evidences for the main discussion. One of Bricet's colleagues included Pierre Le Caron, first Herald of Bretagne then his title shifted to Champagne. I shall examine his life and career together with other heralds and ushers either royal or of the Estates, to give more supplements to re-constitute Bricet's career. I give more focus on Champagne since Bricet held the title and also there were multiple instances that Champagne worked together with Bretagne. Champagne's connection with Brittany 5.

1. Life and career of Charles Bricet

Disclaimer

As a precondition, in the following discussion, I exclude the possibility that there were more than one Charles Bricet, for example, there was one who appeared 1530-40s, and the other 1556-60. This is no more than, and no less than, a precondition. We can suppose the Charles Bricet in 1534 and the herald of the same name in 1556 were different persons. Then discussion terminates there simply.

Overview

As the chronology shows, Charles Bricet first appeared 1534-5 [chronology, Nos.10-12] as the usher/herald of the Estates. He was soon replaced by Jehan Crousil in 1535 [chronology, No.13]. After about three years, we find him again as a herald, this time in a royal service with the title of Champagne [chronology, Nos.15-6]. Curiously he was in a mission into Brittany. The following years, the years between 1542-7 are most confusing and no conclusion so far. I shall dedicate one section for this period (see next section). In his last years he came back to the old office of the Herald of the Estates during 1556-60 [chronology, Nos.36, 37, 43]. After 1560, no further record available. Since, however, he must have been quite old by then, he either retired or died soon. In 1564 his (supposedly) immediate successor Henry Doguet died [chronology, No.45].

The confusing period

As already told, Charles Bricet secured a royal office, Herald of Champagne, c. 1538. There was, among his colleagues, Pierre Le Caron (or Le Carron), who had held the office of Herald of Bretagne, again c. 1538 [chronology, No.14]. The latter herald, however, shifted to Champagne as late as 1542 [chronology, No.20]. He was in that office for the rest of his life till c. 1571 [chronology, No.48] (see the dedicated chapter for the detail). Where, then, had our Charles Bricet gone...? There are some clues:

a. Olivier Troudan
He was the Usher of the Estates in 1547 [chronology, No.29]. Since, in the sixteenth century, it is not likely the office of the herald and of the usher were separated (see chronology, No.10 and 11), Charles Bricet was never Herald of the Estates in 1547.
b. Réne Girard
He was the royal Herald of Bretagne, 1553-9 [chronology, Nos.33 and 40]. I will discuss the possibity that Charles Bricet once held the royal office of the Herald of Bretagne. Even if it was really the case, it should be before 1553.
c. Refutation to Charles Bricet's testimony, 1544.
It is a great disadvantage for current disussion that here what is available is the refutation only and his testimony is not. What still mentioned in the refutation is, that -:
What do these statements mean? From what is told in ll. 567-70 (ung peu avant le deceix dudit feu de Chateaubriend ... mal usant de ses biens tellement ...), it is evident the vend was around the death of sier de Chateaubriend. He must be Jean de Laval-Châteaubriant (French Wikipedia), baron de Châteaubriant from 1503 and gouverneur de Bretagne from 1531 till his death in 1543.
Then which was the heraud d'armes de ce pays? Is it Bretagne (ducal/royal) or of the Estates? Did Bricet again come back to the position of Herald of the Estates? If it is the case, he held the same office three times (as already mentioned, in 1547 there was another incumbent, yet Bricet would occupy the office 1556-60). I do not say it is never possible, still I feel it necessary to think of other possibilities (three times, isn't it some kind of anomaly?).
The other possibility is the royal office of Herald of Bretagne. In 1542 [chronology, No.20], we find Pierre Le Caron had been shifted from Bretagne to Champagne. Theoretically, then, it is possbile to assume Le Caron and Bricet swapped the offices. If it is the case, what was meant in ll. 561-4 of refutation is, that they aided Bricet for this swap (to give him office de heraud d'armes de ce pays, here the royal office of Bretagne). For this swap, see ‘Shift’ instances where I discuss, sometimes there were, at least, shifts of offices in the early-mid sixteenth century. I showed that they were not done, in a casual way, and other known instances than Le Caron - Bricet, there were always strong motivations. On the other hand, for Le Caron - Bricet case I cannot suppose other background than swap. Also, while Le Caron does not have any connection with Brittany, still in 1540, Herald of Bretagne was associated with the Duke of Brittany, which the title was then held by the Dauphin (he was however recognized as Herault d'armes du Roy). He was again found in Brittany in c. 1540-3 and 1543. This lingering connection (see also the connection between royal/ducal herald of Bretagne and Brittany) also supports the idea of the swap. Even when Bricet was Champagne, he was sent to Brittany [chronology, No.15], then the Bretagne, c. 1540-3, was also the same person (i.e., Bricet), now swapped to occupy that office, wasn't it the case? However, even if the noblewoman was instrumental in securing the office of Brittany, what was the impetus for it? My idea here is (this is no more than my imagination): Bricet's expectation was, the office was still connected with his country, and by the same reason, he soon sold it since he saw the connection was waning. This is, again, no more than my imagination (otherwise, however, how could he throw away such a post so quickly?).
After Bricet sold his office of the Herald of Brittany, in 1547, at the very beginning of Henry II's reign, a Herald of Bretagne together with Dauphiné reported the troubles between Vileilleville and baron de Rieux. The baron must be Claude, son of Suzanne de Bourbon-Montpensier. Can we here see the connection between Herald of Bretagne and Brittany, the country? May be or may be not — compared to the previous two events of 1540-4 and 1543, it is not so much evident.

Later years

What happend to him after his resignation c. 1544? I could not trace it anywhere. He comes back again, after some twelve years of blank, he appears in 1556, when the Duke of Étampes, the then governor of Brittany mentioned Charles Bricet as Herald of Brittany. Here, we see the same person who occupied a royal heraldic office shifted to that of the Estates. Who, however was motivated to make this shift? His experience as a herald could be one of the reasons for the preference. Is it also possible to think Bricet had some reason to secure some post? By 1556 he must have been much aged, then? Did He fall in some financial difficulty? If it is the case, was it really a shift? Fow now, what I can say is, yes there was an apparent transition. What I need to find out is its background.
After that in 1562, there was le Heraut de Bretaigne at the baptize ceremony of the daughter of Sébastien de Luxembourg, Duke of Étampes' successor as governor of Brittany. Who was he? Was he Charles Bricet, or his successor? In 1564, as already mentioned, his supposed successor died, then when our Bricet left this world...? Or is there any possiblity the royal herald of Brittany was present at the ceremony? Was the coat of arms semée d'Hermines not the one which had been made for Bricet, c. 1557-61? Was it likely that a royal herald wore such purely breton coat of arms? I am probably allowed to say, by 1562 the transition had been complete and the herald at the baptize ceremony was that of the Estates.

2. Chronological list of occurrences of Herald of Brittany, of Champagne, of the Estates
No Date Place Heraldic title Personal name Event Source Remarks
Bretagne Champagne des Etats huissier des Etats
1 c. Aug. 1529 Cambrai x Unknown Publication of peace. 1529
2 x Unknown
3 c. 1530 Unknown x Pierre Choque Died. Pierre Choque (French Wikipedia.) Potentially lived till c. 1541. See below.
4 31 Dec. 1531 Unknown x Unknown Made a judgement concerning the arms of Cunchy. 1531
5 Unknown x Unknown
6 Shortly before Aug. 1532 Unknown x René Guéguen Payment related to the Entrance of the Dauphin into the cities in Brittany. Deeds of King Francis I, 07FR03
7 x Simon Desplants
8 7 Sept. 1532 Beaufort-en-Vallée x Unknown Payment. Deeds of King Francis I, 02FH02
9 x Unknown
10 c. 25 Sept. 1534 Vannes x Charles Bricet Payment. 1534 (1)
11 1534 Vannes x Ch. Bricet Payment. 1534 (2) Exact place is not explicitly mentioned. However there was only one session in that year.
12 1535 Nantes x Charles Bricet Resigned. 1535
13 x Jehan Crousil Nominated.
14 26 Apr. 1538 Paris x Pierre Le Caron Transaction. Apr. 1538
15 c. Dec. 1538 Vannes? x Charles Bricet Payment. Dec. 1538
16 5 Jan. 1539 Paris x Charles Bricet Payment for annual wage. Deeds of King Francis I, 03FH04
17 c. 1 Jan. 1540 Paris x Name unknown Attended the Entrance of Emperor Charles V. Jan. 1540
18 x Name unknown
19 1541 Unknown x Name unknown Dedicated a copy of a manuscript of the funeral of Anne de Bretagne. 1541 Possibly the retired Pierre Choque. (No confidence at all.)
20 Apr. - Jul. 1542 Paris x Pierre Le Caron Contract related to a house in Paris. 1542 For more detail of his career, see the dedicated list.
21 1543? (1540-3) Nantes x Name unknown Payment related to the work on gunpowder (salpêtres et poudres) c. Jan. 1540 - 24 Dec. 1543
22 Apr. 1543 Paris? to several places in Brittany x Name unknown Delivery of a letter. 1543
23 20 Sept. 1544 Paris x Name unknown Publication of peace. Sept. 1544
24 23 Dec. 1544 Brittany x? Charles Bricet (mention) It is told, he got the office of herald of arms [of Bretagne] and sold the (same?) office of herald of arms of Bretagne (ce pays). Dec. 1544
25 1545-7 Vanne and Kempercorentin x Name unknown Payment. 1545-7
26 Apr. - Jun. 1547 Saint-Germain-en-Laye x Name unknown Involved in Coup de Jarnac. Apr. - June 1547
27 x Name unknown
28 Jul. 1547 Rheims x Name unknown Reported a controversy between Vileilleville and baron de Rieux. c. Jul. 1547
29 Sept. 1547 Kempercorentin x Olivier Troudan Payment. 1547
30 Mar. 1549 Paris x Name unknown Publication of peace. Mar. 1549
31 Jul. - Aug. 1549 Paris? x Name unknown Involved in duel of Sedan. Jul. - Aug. 1549
32 26 Aug. 1549 Boulogne x Name unknown Made summons. 1549
33 1553 Unknown x René Girard Payment for annual wage. Payment of wage, 1553
34 Unknown x Pierre Le Caron
35 Feb. 1556 Paris x Pierre Le Caron Publication of truce. Feb. 1556.
36 Sept. 1556 Vannes x Charles Bricet In office. 1556
37 Sept. 1557 Morlaix x? Charles Bricet Payment 1557 His office not mentioned.
38 26 Oct. 1558 Paris x Name unknown Attended the Duke of Saxony 1558
39 c. 1559 Villeneuve-le-Comte Pierre Le Caron Witnessed a murder case. c.1559 Office not mentioned.
40 Aug. 1559 Unknown x René Girard Payment for service. Payment, 1559
41 Unknown x Pierre Le Caron
42 Sept. 1559 Rennes x Name unknown Paymet 1559
43 25-7 Sept. 1560 Rennes x Charles Bricet In office. 1560
44 16 Jul. 1562 Nantes x? Name unknown Attended the baptize ceremony of Marie de Luxembourg. 1562 le Heraut de Bretaigne is ambigious.
45 Oct. 1564 Unknown x Henry Doguet Had died. 1564
46 1567 Unknown x Jehan Le Fèvre Payment for annual wage. Payment of wage, 1567.
47 Unknown x Pierre Le Caron
48 1571 Paris x (presumably) Pierre Le Caron Died. 1571

3. Sub-topics

1. Connection between royal/ducal herald of Bretagne and Brittany - office survived losing its connection with the country

 We see, at the funeral ceremony of Anne de Bretagne, three ducal heralds were there. After that Vannes was last mentioned in 1520 (see my note to his 1518 occurrence), after that Malo (which however was not among the three mentioned in 1518) in 1522. Bretagne was the last office to survive, but it started losing its connection to Brittany. While there was possibility Pierre Choque was living in c. 1541 [chronology, No.19], anyway he was no more incumbent of Bretagne when there was his successor in 1532 [chronology, No.6]. In that year René Guéguen performed his duty in Brittany. I could however, find no evidence which shows his personal connection with the country. Next incumbent, Pierre Le Caron had definitely no personal connection with Brittany. As already told I am not sure the Bretagne occurred c. 1540 was Bricet or Le Caron, but at either case, this is the last occurrence the connection is explicitly visible (there are two more instances between 1540-3, there are less clear in terms of visibility).
During the rest of the sixteenth century, Herald of Bretagne had successive incumbents down to 1588: René Girard 1553-9; Jehan Le Fèvre, 1567; Jean (Le) Serre, 1569-88 [Parry 2005, p.162, Annexe no.3 says Jean Le Serre] (slightly doubtful if Le Fèvre and (Le) Serre were in fact same person). None of them show any personal nor offical connection with Brittany (except one single and doubtful occurrence in 1562 [chronology, No. 62]. Then after a long gap (mostly because of lack of source avaiable to me), there is again one incumbent mentioned in 1615. Possibly there were more incumbents in between. At several occasions, there were much number of heralds present as seen below.
  1. 1606 at the baptize ceremony of Dauphin, there were nine heralds.
  2. In 1610, there were ten or twelve heralds.
  3. Favyn 1612 mentions the then titles of heralds total nine with Montjoye which altogether make ten in number. See 1612.
No title was given in these occurrences, yet such big numbers could include Bretagne. Even in 1644, the royal herald of Orléans was still considered as the herald representing the city and the country. I believe it is not the case in Brittany where they had established the tradition of its indigenous herald. The royal title finally disappeared by the re-structure of the office, c. 1666 [see the Note in List of officers of armes of France as mentioned in the Maison du roi...]. By that time the traditionalness of the royal offices (i.e., the awareness of continuity of the offices since the Middle Ages) must have been completely lapsed away.

2. ‘Shift’ instances

 We know a few instances of the ‘shift’ of offices in the early-mid sixteenth century. Shift here means slide, or change of title within same rank, not promotion from a pursuivant to a herald, or a herald to a king of arms. Other than Perre Le Caron, here's a list of such instances:
Michel Gilles
Artois, 1492-1493; Picardie, 1498 [Transcript of the list of some French heralds in BnF, ms., Clairambault 1035, p.87]; Champagne, 1508 [Vic, Claude de, Vaisette, Dominique Joseph, Histoire generale de Languedoc, avec des notes & les pieces justificatives, t.5, Paris: Jacques Vincent, 1745, p.107 (Googe Books) & Boissonnade, Prosper, Histoire de la Reunion de la Navarre à la Castille, Paris: Alphonse Picard, 1893, Acte par lequel Michel Gilles, roi d'armes .... fév. 1508 and Réponse faite par les rois de Navarre à Champpagne, roi d'armes, 21 fév. 1508, p.237, n.1 and n.2 (gallica)] and 1518 [Deeds of King Francis I, 05FR03].
Jean Le Forestier
Dauphiné 1518; Bourgogne, 1533 [Inventory of notary records of Paris, 00306R01]. There are two questions. 1) In 1530 there had been already a Bourgogne: à Bourgongne Roy D'armes de France faire imprimer à tel Imprimeur..., c. Dec. 1530 [Pouspin, Marion, Publier la nouvelle : Les pièces gothiques, histoire d'un nouveau média (XVe-XVIe siècles), Nouvelle édition, Paris : Éditions de la Sorbonne, 2016, Chapitre 4. Les agents de production des pièces gothiques, para 10 and n. 38 (see Harrisse, Henry, Excerpta Colombiniana. Bibliographie de quatre cents pièces gothiques françaises, italiennes et latines du commencement du XVIe siècle..., Paris: H. Welter, 1887, p.lii, n.2 also)]. Who was he? 2) There is some doubt, if there was two Jean Le Forestier. There are mentions which do not refer him as a herald in 1522 and 1530 [Inventory of notary records of Paris, 05402U01]. Then it is possible that there was Jean Le Forestier, archer de la garde du roi c. 1522 - c. Aug. 1530, and became a herald when he was appointed Bourgogne, c. Dec. 1530. There are, however, some possible variations of stories. See further discussion below.
Jean Gérin / Guérin / Génin
Picardie 1543 [Inventory of notary records of Paris, 01912H01]; Bourgogne 1551 [Inventory of notary records of Paris, 02012H01] (There was Patris Guyon, Picardie, 1547 [Inventory of notary records of Paris, 01913H02], then the shift must have occured in or before 1547).
Antoine Carlier / Car[r]el[l]ier
Piémont 1551 [Coyecque, E., "Notes et documents. À travers les minutiers parisiens. Echantillons documentaires (XVIe siècle)", in Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance, t. 3, 1943, pp.7-41, p.13]; Bourgogne 1564 [Châtelet de Paris, insinuations, 0201H01].
So far, including Pierre Le Caron, there are total six (Michel Gilles experienced twice) cases. I excluded Emond du Boullay's shift from Lorraine to Valois and Charles Bricet's shifts between royal and Estates' office. These are also, yes, shifts of yet obviously another kind. Since there are quite few number of such instances, we should assume, shift could not be done in a casual manner (yes there can be missed instances I could not find... however, the list of incumbents I collected should cover most of (if not all) the incumbents during the period under concern, and if there is any unnoticed officer, the number of them should be very few).
What is (are), then, the background(s) of these shifts? In the list, Bourgogne is mentioned three times, and it is always target of the shift (always shift to Bourgogne, not shift from). It is true, Antoine Carrelier (last of the three) needed to leave his office of Piémont, whose namesake principality was recovered by Duke Emmanuel Philibert in 1559. However, at the funeral of Henry II in Aug., while the peace was concluded in Apr., Carrelier was still in the same office of Piémont. What we know is, he had shifted by 1564 as mentioned above. His predecessor as Bourgogne had died by 1566 [Châtelet de Paris, insinuations, 0202H03]. Was it just a mere coincidence that there was one office which should be decayed and extinct and another office got vacant in a timely manner? Even if that is really the case, then what about the previous shift? In Gérin's case, once he shifted to Bourgogne, it is most likely Picardie was occupied by the new incumbent, Patris Guyon immediately. Why the latter was not chosen to fill the vacancy of Bourgogne? The motivatation is not clear, yet it is evident that there was a preference, Bourgogne should not be occupied by a fresher which should be at least the background — again at least — major background for the last three instances. (Still, as we shall see in Specialization, Bourgogne does not seem to have played any significant role during the peroid under our concern. This is for now an unanswered question.)
I said major, because I have some more observation on the office of Bourgogne. I believe the title was re-instituted in around 1530. Previous occurrence was 1492 and while in between 1492 and 1530, there was no mention to any (French) Bourgogne, after 1530, we have suddenly a number of mentions: 1533, 1534 [Paris, BnF, ms. Français 5240 (The relation mentioned in the catalogue should start at f.96r.)], 1535 [Inventory of notary records of Paris, 01912R01], and 1537 (for this last year and thereafter, see Table 1 b and 2 below). After 10 years break, again, there occurred in 1547, and after that occurrence was regular. We can of course, never exclude the possibility, in some record, we can find Bourgogne for the currently blank years. Still we can, judging from the amount of collected materials, say with certainity, it was re-instituted in 1530 after a long vacancy. The background for this revival should be a territorial one, Francis I's claim to the country following the Treaty of Cambrai (English Wikipedia), by which Emperor Charles V ceded it to his rival. Interestingly the Emperor also retained one Jean Glannet, 'his' Bourgogne c. 1527-35 [A list of the officers of arms of the Spanish and Austrian Netherlands up to 1726 under Rois & Herauts d'Armes à titre de Bourgogne]. Both the French kings and Emperors continued to keep appointing their own Bourgogne in subsequent century. Then coming back to Jean Le Forestier, as already stated above, there can be two Jean Le Forestier, both of whom were heralds. For the current discussion, I do not look into this possibility. I need to, however, consider some possible options when he got the post of Bourgogne: a) He was appointed in 1529 following the Treaty, then the notary who mentioned him as archer de la garde du roi in 1530 simply (without any particular reason) dropped his new and additional office. b) He was appointed in 1530 (I do not know why it took one year after the Treaty). c) Someone else was appointed in 1529 but that new incumbent soon left the office (retire or death), and to fill the vacancy, Le Forestier was appointed. In any case, Francis I felt it necessary to fill the office by an incumbent (and he should have, as it seems, some experience as a herald).
This territorial claim seems to be the next key. Michel Gilles' first shift, from Artois to Picardie, should be caused by this. By the Treaty of Senlis (English Wikipedia), Charles VIII ceded the county to Maximilian. (As have been discussed, Piémont also partly fall into this category.)
The only remaining instance before our Bricet - Le Caron case is Michel Gilles' second shift. As shall be shown in Specialization, There was one Martin Godebyète, roi d'armes de Champagne who occurred in 1503 [Officers of arms mentioned in the Chronicle of Jean d'Auton, 250701]. Possibly the shift was to fill the vacancy caused by the latter's retire or death. Why? We know (see Specialization), Champagne has more presence than other offices during the period under concern especially in ceremonial occasions. This may require more experience. Or we may possibly see here some kind of seniority of the office? (If it is the case, it was rather a kind of promotion, not shift.) For this particular case these theories may be valid. What about, then, his successors? As next incumbent after Gilles, we find Simon Desplants [Deeds of Francis I, 07FR02]. He is totally a "one-shot" herald. Before this mention nor after this, he occurred nowhere. (It does not deny the two theories, though.) After Desplants, the successors were our Bricet and Le Caron. These two are more supportive since they had had some experience before their appointment to Champagne. Still neither of the two theories are fully convincing for this instance.
Is it, then, not allowed to assume, background should be there for the shift(s)? It is most likely Gilles succeeded Godebyète. Even though current theories are not satisfactory, that should not mean, to assume there should be motivation is not valid.
That said, I should stop the argument here (this is again unsatisfactory) since, with currently available materials, it is not possible to go further. Instead we need to proceed for the last remaining topic of this section: our Bricet - Le Caron case. (Yes this section is to understand the background of this case.) To be fair, I shall consider Le Caron's shift first (i.e., we cannot immdediately say Bricet also experienced a shift within royal service). It is obviously not related with any territorial claim. Then, Bricet left the office of Champagne which vacancy needed to be filled immediately? (Same as Michel Gilles shifted to Champagne?) However, here Bretagne also was an office of significance. Again as the tables in Specialization show, it was the second most frequently attended officer to have played ceremonial roles, next to Normandie. Just to fill Champagne's vacancy, there were other officers who held lesser (if this word correctly decorates) titles, i.e., those which could be left vacant. We have, then, no justification for simple ‘shift’? If it is the case, other than swap, what else can we suppose? Bricet secured Bretagne with the help of his patrons exchanging his office of Champagne with Le Caron — isn't it? This is purely triggered by his personal ambition. In Brittany only this could happen, for, in other pays, the link between heraldic title and his duty in the particular pays had disappeared (or, more correctly, cannot be observed) since from long back. In Brittany only, it had been kept, at least, till the tenure of Pierre Choque.

3. Specialization of French heralds' role in the early-mid sixteenth century?

Table 1. Occurrences of French officers of arms in early-mid sixteenth century

Legend for Type: b: Baptize; c: Coronation; d: Diplomatic; e: Entrance to a city; f: Funeral; k: chivalric (Knightly) conferment; m: Marriage; o: Other; s: eStates; t: Tournament; u: dUel.
Legend for the sign in the occurrence: v: He led Vive le roy; l: He led Largesse.
a) Those with their precedence indicated (fully or partially).
NoYearEventTypeMontjoyeNormandieChampagneGuyennePicardieValoisAngoulêmeDauphinéBourgogneOrléansBourbonnaisPiemontAnjouBretagneVannesHennebont
11503Pierre de Bourbon [Jean d'Auton, 351401-3]f12
21512Jean de Ganayf21
31514Anne de Bretagnef0 (stayed at Blois)21123
41515Louis XIIf13457826
51515Francis Ie01
61517Claudec21l
71517Francis I, ClaudecMoirie2123
81518Francis, the Dauphinb2vx31v
91520Field of the Cloth of Goldd021
101529Peace of Cambraip1 [he was not in the payment account, yet only he was king of arms and others were styled heralds]25364
111547Francis If1vxx
121559Henri IIfxxx2vxxx1v (presumably)xxxxxx
subtotal of occurrences (a)5.51144423411111923
Number denotes his precedence during the event where it is clearly stated. Precedence 0 is a special case, he was separately mentioned or solely opposed to foreign heralds thus suggesting he had the most precedence all over the heralds, and 'x' denotes simple occurrence without any precedence given. Sometimes both one of French heralds and Bretagne had the first precedence on each side. Montjoye's 0.5 occurrence denotes Moirie which could be Montjoye.

b) Those with no particular precedence indicated (sometimes partly).
NoYearEventTypeMontjoyeNormandieChampagneGuyennePicardieValoisAngoulêmeDauphinéBourgogneOrléansBourbonnaisPiémontAnjouBretagneVannesHennebont
11515Nicolas Rousselcxx
21528Procession for Virgin Maryoxxxxx
31531Pierre de Cunchyoxxx
41532Francis III [Deeds of Francis I, 02FH01, 02FH02]exx
51537sieurs de Sarzay et de Veniersuxx
61540Emperor Charles Vexxxx
71544Peace between Francis I and Charles Vpxx
81547Henry VIII of Englandoxxx
91547Coup de Jarnacuxxxxxxxxx
101547Vileillevilleoxx
111549Peace betweeen Henry II and Edward VIpxxxxx
121549seigneurs d'Aguerre et de Fendillesuxxx
131550Guisefxx
141556Truce between Henry II, Charles V and Philippxpremierxx
151559Elizabeth of Francet/mxxxx
subtotal (b)07107212561120800
total (a+b)5.51814116359722311723

Table 2. Occurrences of French officers of arms in late sixteenth century

NoYearEventTypeMontjoyeNormandieChampagneGuyennePicardieValoisAngoulemeDauphineBourgogneOrleansBourbonnaisAnjouBretagneAlençonCourtiger
11564Peace between Henry III and Elizabeth Ipxx
21568Pacificationpxx
31568Edictpxxx
41570Peace (Third Religious War)pxxx
51576Pacificationpxxxxx
61584Francis, Duke of Anjoufxx
71588Bloissxxxxx
81593Parissxx
total023301122102151

These two (or three) tables show the occurrences of titles who joined various events during the period under concern. Note that I listed those events in which we can see more than one heralds only. For example, in 1528 there was a publication of 8 month peace by Montjoye [Guiffrey, Georges (ed.), Cronique du roy Françoys, premier de ce nom, Paris: Jules Renouard, 1860, p.68 (see p.66 for the year). (Internet Archive.)] and in 1532 (?), there occurred 10 livres, à Picardie, héraut d'armes du roi de France [Finot, Jules, Inventaire sommaire des archives départementales antérieures à 1790. Nord. Archives civiles. Série B: Chambre des comptes de Lille, nos 3229 à 3389, tome 7, Lille: L. Danel, 1892, p.296 right col., B. 3355 (Registre.) (1531-2) continued from p.292]. These single-person occurrences are excluded here. (Ideally I would collect all the occurrences together.) For the current discussion, just to highlight that, some titles appeared more, and some are not, and also same some titles took more significant role in ceremonial occasions, this list gives enough visibility.
As given in the two tables, out of total 27 events, Normandie attended 18 of them, Bretagne joined 17, Champagne 14, Guyenne 11. Then Dauphiné 9, Bourgogne 7, Picardie 6, Montjoye 5 or 6 (the latter number includes Moirie in 1517). Orléans, Bourbonnais, Piémont, Anjou are since they are new creations or re-institutions in the period under concern, appeared only 2 to 3 times. We here see strong preference by the successive kings on the titles (must not be on incumbents — there were more than one incumbent on each several titles).
I stick on this point to support already discussed ‘shift’ question, and also because Champagne had an apparent connection with Brittany. See Champagne's connection with Brittany? for further discussion for this (in conclusion, it is just because Champagne was more preferred for ceremonial occasions which made him more exposed in the ceremonial records including Bretagne-related ceremonials).
The idea of specialization was again apparently abondoned by the time of Henry II, and we see the idea of premier heraut was introduced as late as 1551 [Inventory of notary records of Paris, 11001H01] (there is a 1547 mention, however this can be anachronistic one, since the author wrote it after his master's death: le premier herault de France, du tiltre de Valoys [Mémoires de Vieilleville, p.229; for the compiled year, see p.18]). (The rank of premier heraut was to be fixed to Bourgogne in next century until the end of the ancien regime). In the latter half of the sixteenth century, the number of offices increased [Possibly this needs to be reconsidered: already in 1540, at the Entrance of Emperor Charles V, there were 11 heralds in total: Apres entrerẽt neuf heraulx darmes triumphãment vestuz de hucques de velours viollet semez de fleur de lys dor ... Et devãt iceuly neuf heraulx alloiẽt deux heraulx tous vestus dorfaueric [?] ... [La magnificque et triumphante entree du tresillustre et sacre empereur Charles Cesar tousiours Auguste faicte en la excellente ville et cite de Paris le jour de lan en bõne estreine, 1540, Sig. B iii. (Internet Archive.)] These were all French royal heralds...?] and trend of preferrence changed. Between 1564 and 1593, out of 8 occurrences, Alençon got the first prize with 5 counts, and our Bretagne joined only one event. Also pursuivants come back to presence again. Still, during this period also, Montjoye who would be the King of Arms of France in the subsequent centuries was apparently excercized in a sinecure and lucrative manner. In 1547, at the funeral ceremony of Francis I, a contemporary account mentions le herault France who cried Le Roy est mort. He was however, not Montjoye, but Normandie. Even in 1610, Pierre Sorel, presumably then Normandie was Roy d'armes de France. This may be the last remnant of the practice in previous century. I presume the supremacy of Montjoye could be (re-)established by Hector Le Breton. This needs another dedicated discussion.

4. Pierre Le Caron, first Bretagne and then Champagne

He deserves a dedicated article. Here, I want to most highlight that he and his family were never associated to Brittany. This means, by the time of his appointment, such indigenousness was no more required to the office. Also his career show a new trend of recruitment of the officers of arms. These two maybe probably were as result of the change of the nature of the heraldic office, which change was a rapid one. This also deserves a dedicated article.
Apart from that, compared to our Charles Bricet, evidences show that he belonged to higher social rank that made his life more traceable. True, His decendents survived well into the nineteenth century [Recueil de généalogies]. We have no need to, however, look the family history retrospectively, already in his lifetime, the family had prospered as part of establishment class. True again, Pierre was mentioned in the context of his son Louis dit Charondas, still other than those, there are much more evidences on which Pierre himself appears. This makes a sharp contrast between him and Bricet.

Pierre's father and ancesctors

As for Pierre's father, there were two names found: one is Laurent Le Caron, and the other is Michel Le Caron. Since the letters patent accorded to Louis Le Caron, 1601 clearly mentions the former, then the other seems to be an error. However, Recueil de généalogies mentions Antoine, Pierre, and Jacques, of which, from Antoine descends the Le Caron de Mazencourt, while Nobiliaire Universel says Laurent had two sons, Antoine and Martin and from the latter descend the Le Caron de Mazencourt branch. True, neither of the two authors did not mention Michel, yet since there was such confusion, then still there is some possibility, Nobiliaire de soissonnais's statement of Michel is also correct. Even the letters patent was not perfectly correct: it states that Pierre was Champagne for fourty years was not correct — even if we take into account his years as Bretagne, at the starting end, 1532 there was his predecessor and Pierre died 1571, it cannot be fourty years. By the time of 1601, for Louis, his ancestory already got obscured...?
On the family history also, we have two opinions: one is the family was/is a Compiène inhabitant since from the thirteenth century; the other is they are of Greek origine and came to France after the Council of Ferrara. According to Recueil de généalogies, the first two Le Carons were Martin Le Caron who occurred in 1287 and his son Pierre Le Caron, seigneur de Canly who occurred in 1293 and 1294. Gohin 1902, p.2 mentions Martin (1287), and Armorial général de la Touraine mentions Pierre (1294). Only Graves and who follow him mention the family's Greek origin. Clermontois et Beauvaisis associates the surname Charondas with this Greek origin. None of them however gives any evidence of this.
Whatsoever the case is, for now in this discussion, we can say by the time of Pierre, the family belonged to upper social tier and that is enough for us for now.

Pierre's life

As far as I could find, there was a 1523 occurrence. This can or cannot be our Pierre. (We should be careful there was another Pierre le Caron (French Wikipedia) who was dead by c. 1500. This means there is always some possiblity there was another Pierre Le Caron in our Pierre's lifetime also.) The first explicit occurrence is in 1534. Here he was mentioned as greffier des eaux et forêts by which we can identify him. It is not certain he had been a herald or not. (We should point out, by this time, French heralds' recruitment trend had been certainly changed: it is no more full time profession with special, say heraldic, knowledge, but a role which can be done by someone who held other royal or local office. His predecessor, Pierre Choque was certainly the last one who belonged to previous generation. This is however another disussion.)
Since in 1532 there were his predecessors to both of the offices of Bretagne and Champagne, and Pierre's first mention as Bretagne was in 1538, then he was appointed, possibly shortly before 1538. Next mention to him is in 1542 by which time he shifted to Champagne. He held this office till his death in 1571 (I cannot verify this, but in next year, his wife was mentioned as Anne Valton, veuve de Pierre Le Caron [Inventory of the registers of insinuations of Châtelet de Paris, 0202H02] and previous mention before 1571 is 1568, there is few doubt) which makes his heraldic career some 33 year long. During his life, he left much number of evidences: 1546, 1549, 1551, 1553, 1559, 1561 [Inventory of the registers of insinuations of Châtelet de Paris, 0202R01], 1568 [Inventory of the registers of insinuations of Châtelet de Paris, 0202H01].
His son, Louis Charondas praised his father as a herald [La Claire, 1554, Pandectes, 1593]. Evidences currently available do not, however, reveal so much expertise: the only event the son mentions which deserves particular notice is the one in c. 1559. Yes the event itself is curious. This is, by no means, heraldic. So far all the major French heraldic (in the sense, something related to heralds' role) accounts of his day were all made by other heralds [I found this mention: Page 967. « Procès-verbal de Champagne, héraut d'armes, quand il fut à Saint-Denis vers le prince de Condé, de la part du Roi. » (1567.) in Engerand, Louis, Catalogue général des manuscrits des bibliothèques publiques de France. Paris. Bibliothèque du Sénat, Paris: Plon-Nourrit, 1908, 266. « Divers mémoires des règnes du roy Jehan, Charles VI, Charles VII, Charles VIII, Louis XII, François Ier, Henri II et du roi Charles IX. », pp.70ff., p.74 (Internet Archive). Online catalogue. Still, this single account made towards the end of his life and career?], François Vallet [see Account of the funeral ceremony of King Francis I by François Vallet, Guyenne herald, 1547 (excerpt)], Emond du Boullay [see account on the funeral ceremony of Claude de Lorraine, Duke of Guise, 1550 and Related materials in my list of Lorrainian officers of arms], Nicolas Raymond [Charles de Linas' work mentioned in Letters Patent of Emperor Charles V creating Antoine de Beaulaincourt Toison d'or King of Arms (1550), Attestation du herault Normandie, pp.56ff], François Signac [account on the funeral ceremony of King Henry II, Aug. 1559], and anonymous Sedan [account on the duel of seigneurs d'Aguerre et de Fendilles, July - August 1549]. The Champagne who signed the attestations of 1564 and 1568 must be Pierre, and he attended other events also. These do not, in my understanding, show any hint for he played any significant role in those occasions. Also, when the rank of premier héraut was first introduced, it was not Pierre, but Emond du Boullay was the first one to be accorded that rank.
Louis mentions, among his father's papers, there was arrest de la Cour de Parlement à Paris which authors on heraldry cite [see for example, Le tableau des armoiries and De l'office des Roys d'armes, des Herauds, et des Poursuivans]. No one, however gives the arrest itself. Available evidences on Pierre's activities are all non-armorial, and even from those for other officers also, it is difficult to say the sixteenth century heralds excersized any authoriative power on armorial matters. Was this not some kind of Louis' self-promotion, taking advantage of the gap between the heralds' role on the theoretical level and the role in practice? Of course, it is always possible to assume, the herald left his manuscripts which are now in archives or libraries, or which have been lost. Anyway, this needs, again, another discussion.

Related materials on Perre Le Caron

Louis Le Caron (French Wikipedia)
Canly (French Wikipedia.)
Louis Le Caron (1534-1613) (BnF Data.) [1534 seems to be errorneous.]
Carolus-Barré, Louis, "Le contrat de mariage de Louis Le Caron dit Charondas avec Marie de Hénault (Clermont-en-Beauvaisis, 28 avril 1568)", in Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance, t.7, 1945, pp.252-257.
Digard, Anicet, "Études sur les jurisconsultes du seizième siècle. Louis Le Caron, dit Charondas", in Revue historique de droit français et étranger, t. 7, 1861, pp.177-192. (Google Books.)
Le Caron, Loys, La Poesie de Loys le Caron Parisien, Paris: Gilles Robinot, 1554. (Google Books.) Digard cites le sonnet à Cat. Var. [sic] Par., p.69 as the evidence of his date of birth.
Geliot, Louvan, Palliot, Pierre, La vraye et parfaite science des armoiries, Dijon: chez l'auteur, 1660. (Google Books.) Ainsi le sieur de Canly, pere du Iurisconsulte Charondas le Caron, fut baptisé par le Roy..., p.388. Géliot's original edition, 1635. (Google Books.)
Haudicquer de Blancourt, Jean ou François, Nobiliaire de Picardie. Contenant les generalitez d'Amiens, de Soissons, Pay Reconquis, & partie de l'Election de Beauvais, Paris: Robert Jean Baptiste de la Caille, 1693, pp.86-7. (Google Books.) In the margin there is a mention to Pierre Le Caron, Champagne and it is identical with Lainé (see Nobiliaire de soissonnais).
Kanaoka, Naomi, "La vie théâtrale à Compiègne entre 1450 et 1550", in Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes, Année 2006, t.164, livraison 1, pp. 97-158. There is a mention to Pierre Le Caron, occurred in 1451, p.108. Any relation to our Le Caron...?
Lambert de Ballyhier, Jean-Baptiste-Félix, Compiègne historique et monumental, Compiègne : Langlois, 1842. (gallica; 2 vols.) Louis Lecaron, dit Carondas, seigneur de Canly, t.1, pp.230-1.
Luçay, Charles Hélion Marie le Gendre, comte de, Le comté de Clermont en Beauvaisis : études pour servir à son histoire. Comtes engagistes. Clermont en 1789, Beauvais: Moniteur de l'Oise, 1898. (Google Books.) See p.14, p.24, p.27 n.1, p.89, pp.91-2, p.99, p.103, p.159, Annexe G Biographies Clermontoises.
Marsy, Arthur de, La population de Compiègne en 1627, Compiègne: H. Lefebvre, 1879. (gallica.) Mention to maistre Laurens le Caron, p.13 and others, p.14, p.16, p.17, p.22, p.23, p.24, p.27.

5. Champagne's connection with Brittany?

 Répertoire, vol.8, pp.223-4 says Champagne was a surname of certain herald of arms of the province of Bretagne and cites: A Champaign pour ses despens pour s'en retorner de Front Everart à son païs, x s. [La Borderie, Arthur de, "Derniers jours et obsèques de Jean II, duc de Bretagne (1305)", in Bulletin et mémoires de la Société archéologique du département d'I-et-V,vol.14, 1880, pp.1ff., p.34. (gallica.)]. It is not likely Champaign here was a heraldic title (if it is really so, it is ever first instance of a herald with heraldic title — earlier than Carlisle Herald occurred c. 1327 who is one of the earliest knwon mention of such an instance), and he was one of Escuiers et serjanz, then if it is a heraldic title, he was still called as such by virtue of his previous tenure (before being an écuyer or serjeant he was previously Champagne herald, retained by ... whom?), but is it really likely?:
165. — Ce sont les robes aus genz de l'ostel Mons. de Bretaigne, dom Dieux ait l'ame, de la Tousainz de l'an M CCCC et V : Escuiers et serjanz. ... Guillaume Champaign, ... [ibid., p.45.]
However in the period under current concern, Champagne was several times mentioned in a Breton context: at the funeral ceremony of Anne de Bretagne, at Dauphin's visit into Brittany [chronology, No.7], and our Charles Bricet. This must be, however, a false connection. As observed in Specialization, there was a strong preference of titles, who to join the ceremonial occasions, and the two occurrences other than Bricet must be simply because Champagne was one of such preferred titles.

6. Bricets elsewhere

 I wanted to trace any of our Charles Bricet's family and personal history. So far there were these other Bricets. None but one of whom, however has any clue of connection with our Charles Bricet, as far as I chased.

Chares Bricet himself?

This Charles Brecel can be himself — aligned with his life, from the point of his age, and of his career. It is not possible, however, to verify this assumption. It is a little bit curious he did not get married and instead produced un filz naturel.
GG. 295. (Registre.) 2 septbre 1535, " fut baptizé un filz naturel, tant seullement avoué à maistre Charles Brecel et Marie lydely, à la maison, tant seulement pour cause de nécessité " [Archives municipales de Nantes - Inventaires série GG - Saint Saturnin.]

Charles (du) Bricet, seigneneur de La Motte et autres lieux

 Among other Charles Bricet / Bricel (and other variants), only one Charles (du) Bricet, sr de La Mothe was our Charles Bricet's contemporary. He first occurred Jun. 1527 [Le Page 1997, 4me partie. Le contrôle des officiers de finances - Ch. 9. Le cadre général du contrôle - II. les commissions du règne de François Ier - B. Actions et méthodes daction des commissions - 1. À la quête d'argent frais, para 46 and Catalogue prosographique - Les officiers de l'Administration centrale - Trésoriers et receveurs généraux, para 63, n.16]. After that he appeared 1531, 1536, 1539, 1540, 1541 (there was a possible occurrence in 1529 also). As far as I found, he is not identical with Charles Bricet, the herald. Here are the reasons -:
1) With or without du: while sometimes some mention omitted du for Charles du Bricet, our herald was never called du Bricet.
2) The herald was never styled any seigneur.
3) Charles du Bricet was, on the other hand, never called héraut nor huissier.
4) Charles du Bricet was always associated with Paris and its near-by (see the occurrences). Even when Charles Bricet, the herald was obviously in Brittany, i.e., during his tenure as usher-herald of the Estates, Charles du Bricet was apparentely settled in the capital.

That said, still the 1529 occurrence deserves some attention: if le sieur Brice was identical with Charles du Bricet, then the t could be sometimes dropped. If it is the case, when searching any evidence for Bricet, we need to check Brice occurrences also.

Germain Brice

There was one Germain Brice ou de Brie, secrétaire d'Anne de Bretagne [see also Germain de Brie (French Wikipedia)]. He happens to have some connection with Pierre Choque: the latter translated one of the former's works in Latin into French [see Cordelière]. Also Germain Brice composed epitaphes in Latin dedicated to Anne [see épitaphes]. Can we associate this Germain Brice with our herald, Charles Bricet?
Here comes the question, the question I raised in the discussion on Charles (du) Bricet: can Brice be, or be related with Bricet? Our Bricet was invariably mentioned as Bricet, and only for once, in 1534, there was a Bresel occurrence. Even this ends with -l. I do not know how people of the day pronounced the name, but anyway the scribes felt it needed there should be one consonant (either t or l), to be put at the end of the name. On the other hand, Germain Brice or de Brie was never mentined as Bricet or Bricel, then Brice was Brice, and Bricet was Bricet, which the two should be distinguished, isn't it the case?
One more question is, even if Bricet can be sometimes Brice, I don't have any evidence which explicitly connects Germain Brice with Charles Bricet. As I already mentioned nothing is known about the latter's background.

Jean Breysset, Broisset ou Bricet

 See Jean Breysset, Broisset ou Bricet. There is nothing to affirm or deny this man's connection to our Charles Bricet. The various spellings suggest, we need to check these also to find any of our Bricet's record.

Other Charles Bricet (regardless of date)

Charles Brice, secrétaire de la chambre du roi, c. 1628
Biens des établissements religieux supprimés. Tome VIII. Congrégations religieuses de femmes à Paris et dans les départements limitrophes (XIIe-XVIIIe siécle) Index (S//1-S//4811,S//6102-S//6154,S//6181-S//6210,S//6233-S//7560). Par M. Barroux, Ch. Bonin, H. Jassemin, L. Legrand et E. Lelong, Archives nationales, 1886, pp.13-4, S//4438 Dossier 3.
Charle Bricet, one of the Marêschaux de Forge of the Duke of Orléans, c. 1684
État général de la Maison de Monsieur le Duc d'Orleans.
Article XI.
Autres Officiers de l'Ecurie.
Quatre Marêschaux de Forge, 60. l.
... Charle [sic] Bricet.
[L'etat de la France, 1684, p.508. (Internet Archive.)]
Charles Bretel, Rouen, c. 1686
... du 24. Aousst 1686. ... Messsire Charles Bretel, Ecuyer Seigneur d'Estallevile Conseiller en nos conseils, President au Parlement de Roüen, ... [Escluseauls, Alexandre-François Haudessens d', Privilèges des papes, empereurs, rois et princes de la chrétienté accordez à l'ordre Saint-Jean de Hiérusalem, Paris: Pierre-Augustin Le Mercier, 1700, Que les chevaliers profez ne sont point tenus des dettes de leurs familles, ..., Louis ... Roy de France ... veuve de feu Messire Marc Nicolas de Bretel Chevalier Marquis de Gremonville, ..., pp.1078ff., pp.1086-7. (Internet Archive.)].
Charles Bricet, prieur de Remmes, c.1668
en 1668, Charles Bricet, prieur de Remmes [Triger, Robert, "Sainte-Suzanne. Histoire religieuse et civile" (1e partie), in Revue historique et archéologique du Maine, tome 61, 1907, pp.271-pp.331, pp.279-80. (Internet Archive.)]. En 1668, MeCharles Bricel, prêtre prieur de Remmes à Sainte-Gemmes, ... [Angot, Alphonse Victor, L'instruction populaire dans le Departement de la Mayenne avant 1790, Paris: Alphonse Picard, Laval: Auguste Goupil, 1890, p.234. (Internet Archive.)].

Other Bricets

 See Other Bricets. Those are what I found while I was searching any record relating to Charles Bricet. None indicates any connection to him. What they tell is, geographically the name could be found mostly in a limited area, from Paris westwards. This covers rather vast area which helps very little for tracing Charles Bricet's life. Another thing is, as already found in Charles (du) Bricet and Jean Breysset, Broisset ou Bricet, there were variation of spelling of Bricet.

Appendix

 Source texts

Sources and references

Minutes et répertoires du notaire.
FRAN_IR_041142: Minutes et répertoires du notaire Pierre THURET, 1540 - 7 septembre 1568 (étude III); FRAN_IR_041144: Minutes et répertoires du notaire Michel de FELIN, 8 mai 1527 - 1554 (étude III); FRAN_IR_041146: Minutes et répertoires du notaire Jean THIREUL, 23 août 1568 - décembre 1587 (étude III); FRAN_IR_041277: Minutes et répertoires du notaire Claude II BOREAU, 28 avril 1547 - 13 avril 1557 (étude VIII); FRAN_IR_041283: Minutes et répertoires du notaire Laurent HAULTDESENS, juin 1552 - 1596 (étude VIII); FRAN_IR_041346: Minutes et répertoires du notaire Martin II HAGUENIER, janvier 1606 - juin 1638 (étude X); FRAN_IR_041438: Minutes et répertoires du notaire Richard CUVILLIER, 1594 - 1630 (étude XV); FRAN_IR_041483: Minutes et répertoires du notaire François DELAFONS, 28 juin 1555 - 1er mai 1592 (étude XVII); FRAN_IR_041567: Minutes et répertoires du notaire Pierre I PICHON, 1er mai 1487 - 14 octobre 1533 (étude XIX); FRAN_IR_041573: Minutes et répertoires du notaire Guillaume I PAYEN, 22 avril 1530 - juin 1566 (étude XIX); FRAN_IR_041575: Minutes et répertoires du notaire Jean TROUVÉ, 1533 - 1er février 1554 (étude XIX); FRAN_IR_041576: Minutes et répertoires du notaire Jean TROUVÉ, 27 mars 1543 - 1559 (étude XIX); FRAN_IR_041676: Minutes et répertoires du notaire Jean JACQUES, 30 octobre 1548 - 1er septembre 1567 (étude XXIII); FRAN_IR_041877: Minutes et répertoires du notaire Pierre CROZON, 27 mars 1517 - 5 mars 1532 (étude XXXIII); FRAN_IR_041882: Minutes et répertoires du notaire Catherin FARDEAU, 28 mars 1559 - 1568 (étude XXXIII); FRAN_IR_042184: Minutes et répertoires du notaire François RAFFIN, 29 janvier 1568 - 2 décembre 1580 (étude XLIX); FRAN_IR_042277: Minutes et répertoires du notaire Étienne DUNESMES, 15 novembre 1527 - 3 février 1563 (étude LIV); FRAN_IR_042399: Minutes et répertoires du notaire François I DELARCHE, 1484 - 1550 (étude LXI); FRAN_IR_043161: Minutes et répertoires du notaire Martin MAHIEU, 29 avril 1569 - 20 mai 1613 (étude CV); FRAN_IR_043163: Minutes et répertoires du notaire Hilaire LYBAULT, 10 juin 1580 - 3 août 1621 (étude CV); FRAN_IR_043530: Minutes et répertoires du notaire Jean de NEVERS, 18 avril 1526 - 20 novembre 1532 (étude CXXII);
IS, antérieures à 1790. Loire-Inférieure, t.4.
Maître, Léon, Inventaire sommaire des Archives départementales antérieures à 1790. Loire-Inférieure. Archives ecclésiastiques Séries G et H, Nantes: Vincent Forest et Émile Griamud, 1884. (Internet Archive.)
IS, antérieures à 1790. Loiret, t.2.
Doniel, Jules, Inventaire-sommaire des Archives départementales antérieures à 1790. Loiret. t.2, Archives Civiles. Sé. A. Nos 1800-2200, B. Nos 1-1535, Orléans: Georges Jacob, 1886. (Internet Archive.)
IS, antérieures à 1790. Lyon, sérs. AA, BB, CC.
Rolle, F. (ed.), Inventaire-sommaire des archives communales antérieures à 1790. Ville de Lyon, t.1: Série AA, BB, Paris: Paul Dupont, 1865, t.2: Série CC., Paris: Paul Dupont, 1875. (Série BB in t.1 has its own page count.) (Google Books.)
Bachelin-Deflorenne 18875.
Bachelin-Deflorenne, Antoine, Etat présent de la noblesse française, Paris: Librairie des bibliophiless, 18875. (Google Books.) 1866 is the first edition?
Dufournaud 2007.
Dufournaud, Nicole, "Rôles et pouvoirs des femmes au XVIe siècle dans la France de l'Ouest", Doctoral thesis, EHESS, 2007, t.1, t.2: Annexes. (pdfs.) Available at Academia also (no annexes). See also theses.fr.
Favyn 1612.
Favyn, André, Histoire de Navarre, Paris: Laurent Sonnius, Pierre Mettayer, Pierre Cheuallier, 1612. (Google Books.)
Gohin 1902.
Gohin, Ferdinand, De Lud. Charondae (1534-1613): vita et versibus, Paris: Typis Mandabat Leroux, 1902. (Google Books.)
Inventaires après décès.
Documents du minutier central des notaires de Paris. Inventaires après décès, Paris, Archives nationales, Jurgens, Madeleine (ed.), t.1 (1483-1547), 1982, Greffe, Florence, Brousselle, Valérie (eds.), t.2 (1547-1560), 1997.
Le Page 1997.
Le Page, Dominique, Finances et politique en Bretagne au début des temps modernes 1491-1547, Vincennes: Institut de la gestion publique et du développement économique, Comité pour l'histoire économique et financière de la France, 1997.
Montaiglon.
Montaiglon, Anatole de, Recueil de poésies françoises des XVe et XVIe siècles, morales, facétieuses, historiques, 13 vols., Paris: P. Jannet and P. Daffis, 1855-1878. (Notice bibliographique.)
Santrot 2017.
Santrot, Jacques, Les double funérailles d'Anne de Bretagne: Le corps et le cœur (janvier-mars 1514), Genève: Droz, 2017. (Academia.)

Related materials

Brero, Thalia, "“Concepteur, acteur, narrateur: le héraut, protagoniste central des rituels de cour à la fin du Moyen Age”", in Carrangeot, D., Laurioux, B., Puech, V., Rituels et cérémonies de cour, de l'Empire romain à l'âge baroque, Villeneuve d'Ascq: Presses universitaires du Septentrion, 2018, pp.107-128.
Deuffic, Jean-Luc, "Participants aux funérailles de la reine Anne de Bretagne", in Pecia. Le livre et l'écrit, vol.15, 2012, pp.289-321. The volue is entitled: « Qu'il mecte ma povre ame en céleste lumière ». Les funérailles d'une reine: Anne de Bretagne (1514). Textes, images et manuscrits. The article does not give the detail of heralds who participated.
Hamon, Philippe, "Rennes, 1532 : le dernier couronnement ducal", in Pic, Augustin, Provost, Georges (dirs.), Yves Mahyeuc, 1462-1541 : Rennes en Renaissance Nouvelle édition, Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2010, pp. 325-342.
Jones, Michael, "Servir le duc : remarques sur le rôle des hérauts à la cour de Bretagne à la fin du Moyen Âge", in Kupper, Jean-Louis, Marchandisse, Alain (dirs.), À l'ombre du Pouvoir : Les entourages princiers au Moyen Âge., Nouvelle édition, Liège : Presses universitaires de Liège, 2003, pp.245-265.
Le Page, Dominique, "Noblesse et pouvoir royal en Bretagne (1480-1540)", in Kerhervé, Jean (dir.), Noblesses de Bretagne : du Moyen âge à nos jours, Nouvelle édition, Rennes : Presses universitaires de Rennes, 1999, pp.129-149.
Guihard, Gaël, "« Et se fussent les princes mis en essayc ». Étude des moyens diplomatiques au service de l'alliance entre la Bretagne et la Bourgogne (1465-1475)", in Publications du Centre Européen d'Etudes Bourguignonnes, vol.53, 2013, pp.125-147. Mentions to Bretagne herald, p.135, n.38, n.40, p.142, n.67.
Léthenet, Benoît, "Les espions au moyen âge". Mention to Bretagne herald, p.42.
Le code du roy Henry 3. roy de France et de Pologne. Redigé en ordre par messire Barnabé Brisson, ... Depuis augmenté des edicts du roy Henry 4. & Loys 13. à present regnant, ... Et illustré des conciles de l'eglise, ... par L. Charondas Le Caron, Paris: Claude Collet, 1622. (Google Books.)
Maître, Léon, "Le gouvernement de la Bretagne sous la duchesse Anne, deux fois reine de France, d'après les mandements de sa chancellerie (1489-1513)", in Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'ouest, Tome 32, numéro 2, 1917. See p.185, Nomenclature mentions, Vertus. Pierre Choque. Jean du Bolay.
Paillard de Saint-Aiglan, Alphonse, Notice sur Jean Boutillier, auteur de la Somme rurale, Paris: Firman Didot, 1848 p.35, p.42, p.50. (Internet Archive.)
Daru, Pierre-Antoine-Noel-Bruno, comte, Histoire de la république de Venise, t.6, Paris: Firmin Didot, 1819. Pièces justificatives, Section III., § VII., Relation des cérémonies observées, et des honneurs rendus dans les villes de l'état de Venise à madame Anne de Foulz reine de Hongrie e Bohême, épouse du roi Ladislas, en 1502, et cousine germaine d'Anne d'Autriche. Par Bretaigne, hérault d'armes de cette prinesse, pp.408-9. (Internet Archive.)
Chapitre cathédral de Nantes. (pdf; seems to be an Inventaire sommaire.) Mention to Pierre Choque (1513?), G 164. - Liasse, p.32.
Chancellerie de Bretagne. (pdf; seems to be an Inventaire sommaire.) Mention to Pierre Choque, 1510, B 19. - Registre, p.18.
La Saussaye, Louis de, Le chateau de Blois, Blois: chez tous les libraires, Paris: Techener, 1840, pp.191ff. (Google Books.) Mention to the death of Anne de Bretagne. Le Roux de Lincy, Antoine, "Discours des cérémonies du mariage d'Anne de Foix, de la maison de France, avec Ladislas VI, Roi de Bohême, de Pologne et de Hongrie", in Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes, 21e anné, sér. 5, t.2, 1861, pp.156ff and pp.422ff. (Google Books.)
Le Trespas de l'Hermine regrettée. See Brown, Cynthia J., Brown, Elizabeth A. R., "Le trespas de lfhermine regrettee : A Critical Edition", in Pecia, vol.15, 2012, pp.191-253.
Williams, Benjamin, Chronicque de la traïson et mort de Richart deux, roy Dengleterre, mise en lumière d'après un manuscrit de la Bibliothèque royale de Paris, autrefois conservé dans l'Abbaye de S. Victor, London: Society of Antiquaries, 1846. Mention to le herault de Bretaigne, p.21. (Internet Archive.)

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